What is breast cancer?
Breast cancer is caused by the abnormal growth of cells that make up breast tissue. Men have a small amount of breast tissue so it’s possible for them to get breast cancer, but it’s a much rarer condition in men than women.
It’s important to remember that most breast lumps occurring in men are not cancer.
Breast cancer in men has some similarities to breast cancer in women but there are some biological differences that can affect the choice of treatments.
Breast cancer occurs in around 12 Australian men per million each year, and accounts for about one out of every 170 new cases of cancer.
The incidence of breast cancer in Australian males is slowly increasing, with about 165 new cases expected in 2021.

Symptoms of breast cancer
Breast cancer in men is usually noticed as a painless lump behind the nipple and areola (the ring of pigmented skin surrounding a nipple), because that’s where the breast tissue is found.
Other signs of male breast cancer can include:
• Nipple retraction
• An open sore (ulcer)
• Bleeding from the nipple (this is rare).
In most cases, breast cancer occurs in only one breast.

Causes of breast cancer
The chance of getting breast cancer is affected by genetics and age.
Men’s risk of breast cancer is increased by:
• A family history of breast cancer
• Radiation exposure
• Increasing age
• Conditions that affect the balance between androgens and oestrogens (including Klinefelter syndrome, obesity, and oestrogen treatment for prostate cancer or gender affirmation).

Diagnosis of breast cancer
If your doctor is worried changes in your chest might be breast cancer, they’ll usually send you for an X-ray or ultrasound scan, and sometimes a biopsy.

Treatment of breast cancer
Surgery to remove the breast tissue, nipple and areola is usually the first step of treating breast cancer in men9.
Treatment with tamoxifen (a medication that affects the action of oestrogens) for at least five years after surgery is commonly recommended. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy is used in some cases if there is a significant possibility cancer has spread.

Health effects of breast cancer
Long-term monitoring is necessary for all people who have had breast cancer because of the risk of recurrence9.
Breast cancer is often diagnosed at a more advanced stage in men than women. Because of this, outcomes can be worse for men than women. However, when matched for a patient’s age and disease severity, the risk of dying from breast cancer is not different between genders7.

What to do about breast cancer
If you notice changes in your chest, particularly a lump in or behind your nipple or areola, see your doctor straight away because early diagnosis of breast cancer will help you achieve the best outcome.
You shouldn’t assume any changes in your breast tissue are benign.

This content is modified from Healthy Male: healthymale.org.au. This information has been provided for educational purposes only. It is not intended to take the place of a clinical diagnosis or proper medical advice from a fully qualified health professional. Healthy Male and International Society of Andrology both urge readers to seek the services of a qualified medical practitioner for any personal health concerns.